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Centrality of Aima (Blood) in the Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews. An Exegetical and Philological Study
| Author: | Kuma, Hermann V. A. | |
| Year: | 2012 | |
| Pages: | 452 | |
| ISBN: | 0-7734-1461-4 978-0-7734-1461-7 | |
| Price: | $279.95 | |
This book demonstrates that because blood sanctifies, consecrates and purifies, the Greek word for blood provided the best expression for the unique role of Christ as self-sacrificing High Priest in the Epistle to the Hebrews.
Reviews
“The (author’s) text offers the only sustained analysis of the term (blood). However, his study is not limited to the Book of Hebrews along; rather, it begins by reviewing over one hundred years [of]scholarly scrutiny of “blood” in the New Testament.”Prof. William L. Lyons, Florida State University
Table of Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
Purpose and Scope of the Research
Research Methodology
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Debate Over the Significance of Blood in the New Testament
Blood as Symbol of Life
Blood as a Symbol of Death
The Ambivalence of Blood
Summary of the Blood DebateStudies of Blood in the New Testament after 1950
Summary of NT Studies on Blood since 1950
Blood in Hebrews since 1950
Summary of Ideas of Blood in Hebrews
Justification for the Present Study
OLD TESTAMENT BACKGROUND OF (?Í??)
?Í?? in the Ancient Near East(Outside Israel)
Blood in the ANE Cults
Blood in the Ugaritic Cult
Summary
Blood and Covenant-Making in the ANE
Summary
?Í?? in the OT
Pre-Israelite References to (?Í??)in the OT
The Sacrifice of Cain and Abel
The Aftermath of the Flood
(?Í??)in the Old Testament Cultus
Blood and the Problem of Feminine Impurity in Leviticus
Blood and Leviticus
(?Í??)and Various Kinds of OT Sacrifices
The Holocaust Offering
The Peace Offering
The Sin/Purification Offering
The Trespass Offering
The Day of Atonement
Blood as Purification and Consecration Agent
Summary
(?Í??)and the OT Covenant Relationship
God’s Covenant with Noah
God’s Covenant with Abraham
The Passover
God’s Covenant with Israel at Sinai
The Covenant at Shechem
Circumcision as Sign of Covenant
Summary
Bloodshed in the OT
Blood and Its Sphere of Influence
The Dangerous Problem of Blood-guilt
Yahweh as Avenger of Blood
(?Í??)in the Israelite Cult as Viewed by the Prophets ofthe Eighth Century B.C.
(?Í??) IN THE NEW TESTAMENT WORLD
(?Í??)in the Jewish Apocrypha
Blood as Designating Death/Murder
Blood Designating Humanity/Family
(?Í??)in the Pseudepigrapha
Blood Designating Murder
(?Í??)in the Qumran Literature
Murder or Destruction
Blood as Defilement
Blood in the Cultic Sense
(?Í??)in Philo
Blood Designating Family Relationship
Blood Typifies Humanity
Blood Designating Pollution/Defilement
Cultic Use of Blood
(?Í??)in Josephus
Blood to Denote Sense of Death
Blood to Denote Defilement/Purification
Blood to Denote Family Relationship
(?Í??)in Rabbinic Literature
Blood, Figurative/Superstitious Use
Blood in Cultic Use
Blood and Ritual Defilement
(?Í??)in the Greco-Roman World
(?Í??)in the New Testament
Blood as Death/Murder
Blood as a Designation for Humanity
Symbolic Use of Blood
Physiological Meaning of Blood
Blood Signifying the Vicarious Death of Christ
Possible Roots of the Blood Debate
Summary and Conclusion
(?Í??) IN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS
Overview of the Argument of Hebrews
Paraenetic Passages
Protreptic Passages
(?Í??)Passages in Hebrews
(?Í??)as a Designation for the Human Family: Hebews 2:14
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
The Earthly High Priest Gained Access by Blood
Hebrews 9:7
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ Obtained Eternal Redemption by His Own Blood
Hebrews 9:12
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ’s Blood Is Superior to That of Bulls and Goats
9:13, 14
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
The First Covenant Was Inaugurated Not without Blood
9:18-22
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ’s Blood Purges Heavenly Things: 9:23
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Having Shed His Blood Once Christ Will Appear Again:9:24-28
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
The Blood of Bulls and Goats Cannot Take Away Sins: 10:4
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ’s Blood Provides Access to the Heavenly Sanctuary:10:19-25
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Punishment for the One Who Despises the Blood of the Covenant: 10:29
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Moses Observed the Blood of the Passover: 11:28
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Believers Have Not Yet Shed Their Own Blood: 12:4
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
The Blood of Christ Speaks Better Things Than Abel’s: 12:24
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ Shed His Blood Outside the Gate: 13:11,12
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ the Shepherd and the Blood of the Eternal Covenant: 13:20, 21
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Summary
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
Purpose and Scope of the Research
Research Methodology
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Debate Over the Significance of Blood in the New Testament
Blood as Symbol of Life
Blood as a Symbol of Death
The Ambivalence of Blood
Summary of the Blood DebateStudies of Blood in the New Testament after 1950
Summary of NT Studies on Blood since 1950
Blood in Hebrews since 1950
Summary of Ideas of Blood in Hebrews
Justification for the Present Study
OLD TESTAMENT BACKGROUND OF (?Í??)
?Í?? in the Ancient Near East(Outside Israel)
Blood in the ANE Cults
Blood in the Ugaritic Cult
Summary
Blood and Covenant-Making in the ANE
Summary
?Í?? in the OT
Pre-Israelite References to (?Í??)in the OT
The Sacrifice of Cain and Abel
The Aftermath of the Flood
(?Í??)in the Old Testament Cultus
Blood and the Problem of Feminine Impurity in Leviticus
Blood and Leviticus
(?Í??)and Various Kinds of OT Sacrifices
The Holocaust Offering
The Peace Offering
The Sin/Purification Offering
The Trespass Offering
The Day of Atonement
Blood as Purification and Consecration Agent
Summary
(?Í??)and the OT Covenant Relationship
God’s Covenant with Noah
God’s Covenant with Abraham
The Passover
God’s Covenant with Israel at Sinai
The Covenant at Shechem
Circumcision as Sign of Covenant
Summary
Bloodshed in the OT
Blood and Its Sphere of Influence
The Dangerous Problem of Blood-guilt
Yahweh as Avenger of Blood
(?Í??)in the Israelite Cult as Viewed by the Prophets ofthe Eighth Century B.C.
(?Í??) IN THE NEW TESTAMENT WORLD
(?Í??)in the Jewish Apocrypha
Blood as Designating Death/Murder
Blood Designating Humanity/Family
(?Í??)in the Pseudepigrapha
Blood Designating Murder
(?Í??)in the Qumran Literature
Murder or Destruction
Blood as Defilement
Blood in the Cultic Sense
(?Í??)in Philo
Blood Designating Family Relationship
Blood Typifies Humanity
Blood Designating Pollution/Defilement
Cultic Use of Blood
(?Í??)in Josephus
Blood to Denote Sense of Death
Blood to Denote Defilement/Purification
Blood to Denote Family Relationship
(?Í??)in Rabbinic Literature
Blood, Figurative/Superstitious Use
Blood in Cultic Use
Blood and Ritual Defilement
(?Í??)in the Greco-Roman World
(?Í??)in the New Testament
Blood as Death/Murder
Blood as a Designation for Humanity
Symbolic Use of Blood
Physiological Meaning of Blood
Blood Signifying the Vicarious Death of Christ
Possible Roots of the Blood Debate
Summary and Conclusion
(?Í??) IN THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS
Overview of the Argument of Hebrews
Paraenetic Passages
Protreptic Passages
(?Í??)Passages in Hebrews
(?Í??)as a Designation for the Human Family: Hebews 2:14
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
The Earthly High Priest Gained Access by Blood
Hebrews 9:7
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ Obtained Eternal Redemption by His Own Blood
Hebrews 9:12
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ’s Blood Is Superior to That of Bulls and Goats
9:13, 14
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
The First Covenant Was Inaugurated Not without Blood
9:18-22
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ’s Blood Purges Heavenly Things: 9:23
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Having Shed His Blood Once Christ Will Appear Again:9:24-28
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
The Blood of Bulls and Goats Cannot Take Away Sins: 10:4
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ’s Blood Provides Access to the Heavenly Sanctuary:10:19-25
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Punishment for the One Who Despises the Blood of the Covenant: 10:29
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Moses Observed the Blood of the Passover: 11:28
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Believers Have Not Yet Shed Their Own Blood: 12:4
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
The Blood of Christ Speaks Better Things Than Abel’s: 12:24
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ Shed His Blood Outside the Gate: 13:11,12
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Christ the Shepherd and the Blood of the Eternal Covenant: 13:20, 21
Text and Translation
Exegetical Considerations
The Significance of (?Í??)in the Text
Summary
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY